Chapter 2: Difference between revisions
Line 283: | Line 283: | ||
=== Database Configuration === | === Database Configuration === | ||
Introduction | ==== Introduction ==== | ||
RadiMation® allows interfacing to different standard database structures. The use of this interface is to have easy access to the customer database already in use in your company. This will reduce the need for retyping customer information in RadiMation®. | RadiMation® allows interfacing to different standard database structures. The use of this interface is to have easy access to the customer database already in use in your company. This will reduce the need for retyping customer information in RadiMation®. | ||
A number of drivers are available for the most commonly used databases. Please contact your local reseller for the availability of the device driver for the database you use in your company. | A number of drivers are available for the most commonly used databases. Please contact your local reseller for the availability of the device driver for the database you use in your company. | ||
Changing the database driver | ==== Changing the database driver ==== | ||
To configure RadiMation® to support your database, please select | To configure RadiMation® to support your database, please select | ||
Line 298: | Line 298: | ||
When the database configuration button is pressed, the Database driver configuration window will appear. The picture below shows this configuration window. | When the database configuration button is pressed, the Database driver configuration window will appear. The picture below shows this configuration window. | ||
=== Configuration of the database driver === | |||
Database | '''Database''' | ||
In this field, the location of the database must be entered. | In this field, the location of the database must be entered. | ||
Login | '''Login''' | ||
In the login window, a valid login name and password for the database must be entered in order to allow RadiMation® to login to your customer database. | In the login window, a valid login name and password for the database must be entered in order to allow RadiMation® to login to your customer database. | ||
Fields | '''Fields''' | ||
The following selections must be made: | The following selections must be made: | ||
Line 330: | Line 330: | ||
=== Language Selection === | |||
RadiMation supports multi-language operation. This means that the software package can be operated in any language. Further more, the multi- language support allows easy translation from English to virtually every other language. Please contact your local reseller for the availability of the language driver you require. | RadiMation supports multi-language operation. This means that the software package can be operated in any language. Further more, the multi- language support allows easy translation from English to virtually every other language. Please contact your local reseller for the availability of the language driver you require. | ||
Line 340: | Line 339: | ||
Now select the “Language” Tab and make all required selections. The selected language is only active after the RadiMation® package is restarted. | Now select the “Language” Tab and make all required selections. The selected language is only active after the RadiMation® package is restarted. | ||
{{Note|Please note that not all languages are available. Please contact your local reseller for language availability.}} | |||
=== Product Standard === | |||
==== Introduction ==== | |||
Introduction | |||
Product Standards describe which tests have to be performed on a specific type of product. There are many product standards, roughly one for each type of product. There (probably) is a product standard for: | Product Standards describe which tests have to be performed on a specific type of product. There are many product standards, roughly one for each type of product. There (probably) is a product standard for: | ||
* Washing machine | |||
* Hair dryer | |||
* Car radio | |||
* Television | |||
Very often the product standards refer to multiple basic standards. | Very often the product standards refer to multiple basic standards. | ||
Line 359: | Line 355: | ||
A Product standard describes all the tests that should be performed on a EUT, a basic standard only describes one single test. | A Product standard describes all the tests that should be performed on a EUT, a basic standard only describes one single test. | ||
Adding a Product Standard | ==== Adding a Product Standard ==== | ||
To add a Product Standard to RadiMation®, please select | To add a Product Standard to RadiMation®, please select | ||
“Configuration” | “Configuration” | ||
Line 371: | Line 366: | ||
After pressing add the engineer can insert all necessary information. Please note that the Official name can only be inserted the first time and has to be unique. All fields speak for themselves, except for the “File location”. In the file location field, one can associate a file to this standard. For example a PDF/doc or html file that describes the standard. Radimation will open the file, with the default reader for this file type when installed, when the engineer selects the magnifying glass. | After pressing add the engineer can insert all necessary information. Please note that the Official name can only be inserted the first time and has to be unique. All fields speak for themselves, except for the “File location”. In the file location field, one can associate a file to this standard. For example a PDF/doc or html file that describes the standard. Radimation will open the file, with the default reader for this file type when installed, when the engineer selects the magnifying glass. | ||
Add(ing) Basic Standard(s) | ==== Add(ing) Basic Standard(s) ==== | ||
Adding a basic standard to the product standard can be done simply by pressing the Add button below the frame. The following window will appear. | Adding a basic standard to the product standard can be done simply by pressing the Add button below the frame. The following window will appear. | ||
Line 381: | Line 376: | ||
When on the EUT window, a product standard is selected, or added, the data of the standard is copied into the EUT Document. At that moment a copy of the data of the standard from the configuration is made. This means that if the configuration of a standard in the Configuration window of RadiMation is changed, the data in the EUT file will still have the old data of the standard!!! This behaviour is correct, because it is the information of the standard that is used at the time that the EUT was tested. | When on the EUT window, a product standard is selected, or added, the data of the standard is copied into the EUT Document. At that moment a copy of the data of the standard from the configuration is made. This means that if the configuration of a standard in the Configuration window of RadiMation is changed, the data in the EUT file will still have the old data of the standard!!! This behaviour is correct, because it is the information of the standard that is used at the time that the EUT was tested. | ||
=== Basic Standard === | |||
The information of a basic standard is the same as a Product Standard. The difference is that when configuring a basic standard, an engineer is not allowed to refer to another basic standard. | The information of a basic standard is the same as a Product Standard. The difference is that when configuring a basic standard, an engineer is not allowed to refer to another basic standard. | ||
Line 391: | Line 386: | ||
After pressing add the engineer can insert all necessary information. Please note that the Official name can only be inserted the first time and has to be unique. All fields speak for themselves, except for the “File location”. In the file location field, you can associate a file to this standard. For example a PDF/doc or html file that describes the standard. Radimation will open the file, with the default reader for this file type when installed, when the engineer selects the magnifying glass. | After pressing add the engineer can insert all necessary information. Please note that the Official name can only be inserted the first time and has to be unique. All fields speak for themselves, except for the “File location”. In the file location field, you can associate a file to this standard. For example a PDF/doc or html file that describes the standard. Radimation will open the file, with the default reader for this file type when installed, when the engineer selects the magnifying glass. | ||
=== Test equipment list configuration === | |||
The test equipment configuration contains a list of all test equipment, used during a test. From this list, the software knows which device drivers to use to control the test equipment. RadiMation® allows you to configure different test equipment lists for each type of test or even different sets of test equipment for the same kind of tests. (This will be useful if you have, for example, more than one signal generator to perform conducted immunity tests). | The test equipment configuration contains a list of all test equipment, used during a test. From this list, the software knows which device drivers to use to control the test equipment. RadiMation® allows you to configure different test equipment lists for each type of test or even different sets of test equipment for the same kind of tests. (This will be useful if you have, for example, more than one signal generator to perform conducted immunity tests). | ||
Line 409: | Line 405: | ||
=== Password protection === | |||
RadiMation® allows you to protect a number of configurations through a password protection. | RadiMation® allows you to protect a number of configurations through a password protection. | ||
Line 427: | Line 423: | ||
== User configurable device drivers == | |||
RadiMation® allows the user to create its own device drivers for test equipment, which is (not yet) implemented in the standard device driver list. | RadiMation® allows the user to create its own device drivers for test equipment, which is (not yet) implemented in the standard device driver list. | ||
Line 435: | Line 431: | ||
To make your own device driver, use the “Device drivers” tab in the “Configuration” > “Configuration” menu and follow the steps below: | To make your own device driver, use the “Device drivers” tab in the “Configuration” > “Configuration” menu and follow the steps below: | ||
# In the device driver’s menu, select the required device driver type. | |||
# Press the “New” button. | |||
# Select the driver called “Configurable xx” (i.e. if you want to make a signal generator device driver you would select the “Configurable signal generator” device driver). | |||
# Enter a description for the device driver (for example the type number of the generator) and press OK. | |||
# The name of the device driver will be added in the available device driver’s list. | |||
# Select the new device driver from the available device device’s list. | |||
# Press the “Edit” button. | |||
# A configuration screen for the device driver will appear. All required control commands for the device must be entered. Refer to the operating manual of the equipment for these codes. | |||
After all codes are entered, the device driver is ready for use. | After all codes are entered, the device driver is ready for use. | ||
Line 451: | Line 447: | ||
Passive equipment such as antenna’s, current probes, cables etc. do also need a device driver. The reason for this is that RadiMation® has to know a number of parameters of these devices. Among others the following information is relevant: | Passive equipment such as antenna’s, current probes, cables etc. do also need a device driver. The reason for this is that RadiMation® has to know a number of parameters of these devices. Among others the following information is relevant: | ||
* Frequency range | |||
* Maximum input power | |||
* The report generator needs to know which equipment is used during a test | |||
* Correction files for these devices | |||
Line 462: | Line 457: | ||
== EUT files == | |||
During the development of RadiMation® it became clear to us that not the EMC tests itself, but the Equipment Under Test (EUT) plays a central role for EMC automation software. | During the development of RadiMation® it became clear to us that not the EMC tests itself, but the Equipment Under Test (EUT) plays a central role for EMC automation software. | ||
Line 474: | Line 468: | ||
=== Creating a new EUT file === | |||
When a new device must be tested, first a new EUT file must be created. This can be done from the main window, through the: | When a new device must be tested, first a new EUT file must be created. This can be done from the main window, through the: | ||
Line 487: | Line 481: | ||
=== Opening an existing EUT file === | |||
When one wants to perform tests on an EUT which has been tested in the past, the existing EUT file can be opened through the: | When one wants to perform tests on an EUT which has been tested in the past, the existing EUT file can be opened through the: | ||
Line 508: | Line 502: | ||
The first column displays the testnumber. The second column displays the description of the test. The third column shows the notes you inserted. The note window can hold up to 250 characters, and the three columns can be sorted one at a time. This can be done by pressing the desired column header. If you wish to sort on testnumbers, press the first column header. If you wish to sort by note press the third column header. Pressing a column header twice will alter the sorting order. For example the first time you press the third column header the notes will be sorted ascending, the second time you press the header the notes will be sorted descending. This pertains to all the columns. | The first column displays the testnumber. The second column displays the description of the test. The third column shows the notes you inserted. The note window can hold up to 250 characters, and the three columns can be sorted one at a time. This can be done by pressing the desired column header. If you wish to sort on testnumbers, press the first column header. If you wish to sort by note press the third column header. Pressing a column header twice will alter the sorting order. For example the first time you press the third column header the notes will be sorted ascending, the second time you press the header the notes will be sorted descending. This pertains to all the columns. | ||
=== Cable information of the EUT === | |||
RadiMation is capable of storing a lot of information about the EUT. One of these items is the cables connected to the EUT. You can specify them by selecting the last tab in the EUT window. On the bottom of the window you will find a control looking like the one below. | RadiMation is capable of storing a lot of information about the EUT. One of these items is the cables connected to the EUT. You can specify them by selecting the last tab in the EUT window. On the bottom of the window you will find a control looking like the one below. | ||
Line 520: | Line 514: | ||
In this window the information of the cable will be displayed. You can edit every item, the first item also has some default items that can be selected. Pressing Ok will confirm the changes. Pressing Cancel will discard the changes made. | In this window the information of the cable will be displayed. You can edit every item, the first item also has some default items that can be selected. Pressing Ok will confirm the changes. Pressing Cancel will discard the changes made. | ||
== Limit line files == | |||
Limit line files are used during Radiated and Conducted emission tests. The operator can define limit line files in accordance to the applicable standard and select them when starting an emission test. | Limit line files are used during Radiated and Conducted emission tests. The operator can define limit line files in accordance to the applicable standard and select them when starting an emission test. | ||
=== Creating limit lines === | |||
To create a limit line file, select | To create a limit line file, select | ||
Line 534: | Line 528: | ||
Entering data points | ==== Entering data points ==== | ||
To enter data point, press the “insert" button. A new line will appear and you can enter frequency and level. When entering data points, the limit line will be drawn directly in the graph. Thus making it easier to check if the limit line is entered correctly. | To enter data point, press the “insert" button. A new line will appear and you can enter frequency and level. When entering data points, the limit line will be drawn directly in the graph. Thus making it easier to check if the limit line is entered correctly. | ||
Line 540: | Line 534: | ||
When a data point in incorrect, it can be removes by selecting the data point and pressing the “Remove” button. | When a data point in incorrect, it can be removes by selecting the data point and pressing the “Remove” button. | ||
Lin. Log. scale | '''Lin. Log. scale''' | ||
The limit line can be drawn on a linear or logarithmic frequency scale by pressing the lin. Or log. icon. | The limit line can be drawn on a linear or logarithmic frequency scale by pressing the lin. Or log. icon. | ||
Line colour | '''Line colour''' | ||
Clicking on the coloured box behind the “Color” selection box will change the line color. The selected line colour will be used during emission tests. | Clicking on the coloured box behind the “Color” selection box will change the line color. The selected line colour will be used during emission tests. | ||
Line interpolation | '''Line interpolation''' | ||
The operator can select either linear or logarithmic frequency interpolation. This choice is dependent on the applicable standard. | The operator can select either linear or logarithmic frequency interpolation. This choice is dependent on the applicable standard. | ||
Detectors | '''Detectors''' | ||
During emission tests, RadiMation will check if the measured emissions are below the limit line(s). To perform this check in the correct way, the software must know for which detector(s) the limit line is valid. In the “Detectors” menu the operator can select for which detector(s) the limit line is valid. | During emission tests, RadiMation will check if the measured emissions are below the limit line(s). To perform this check in the correct way, the software must know for which detector(s) the limit line is valid. In the “Detectors” menu the operator can select for which detector(s) the limit line is valid. | ||
=== Saving limit line files === | |||
To save the new limit line file please select: | To save the new limit line file please select: | ||
Line 563: | Line 557: | ||
RadiMation will prompt you for a filename for the new limit line file. This can be the same or a different filename as the limit line “Description” field. | RadiMation will prompt you for a filename for the new limit line file. This can be the same or a different filename as the limit line “Description” field. | ||
== Correction files == | |||
Correction files can be used to correct the frequency response of cables, generators, clamps, antenna’s, couplers etc. When the frequency response of a device is known, the operator can create a new correction file and assign it to the device. | Correction files can be used to correct the frequency response of cables, generators, clamps, antenna’s, couplers etc. When the frequency response of a device is known, the operator can create a new correction file and assign it to the device. | ||
2.10.1 Creating correction files | 2.10.1 Creating correction files | ||
Line 574: | Line 569: | ||
The first step is to define the columns in the table by pushing the Columns/Units button. A selection box appears and columns can be added or removed. Based on the use of the correction file the proper columns should be selected. For example an amplifier correction file will have two columns one frequency column and one power column. In the case of a radiated emission test three columns are required specifying frequency, correction, angle and height. | The first step is to define the columns in the table by pushing the Columns/Units button. A selection box appears and columns can be added or removed. Based on the use of the correction file the proper columns should be selected. For example an amplifier correction file will have two columns one frequency column and one power column. In the case of a radiated emission test three columns are required specifying frequency, correction, angle and height. | ||
Entering data points | '''Entering data points''' | ||
To enter data points, press the “Add row" button. A new line will appear and you can enter frequency and level. | To enter data points, press the “Add row" button. A new line will appear and you can enter frequency and level. | ||
Line 580: | Line 575: | ||
When a data point is incorrect, it can be removed by selecting the data point and pressing the “Remove row” button. | When a data point is incorrect, it can be removed by selecting the data point and pressing the “Remove row” button. | ||
Line interpolation | '''Line interpolation''' | ||
The operator can select either linear or logarithmic frequency interpolation. This choice is dependent on the applicable standard. | The operator can select either linear or logarithmic frequency interpolation. This choice is dependent on the applicable standard. | ||
=== Saving correction files === | |||
To save the new correction file please select: | To save the new correction file please select: | ||
“File” | “File” | ||
Line 590: | Line 585: | ||
RadiMation® will prompt you to enter a filename for the correction file. | RadiMation® will prompt you to enter a filename for the correction file. | ||
== Using Test Setup Files (T.S.F.) == | |||
RadiMation® is a modular integrated test software package, which, in its full configuration, can perform full automatic EMC tests. The software package includes Radiated immunity tests [R.I.], Conducted immunity tests [C.I.] as well as Radiated emission tests [R.E.] and Conducted emission tests [C.E.]. (See also “software overview”). | RadiMation® is a modular integrated test software package, which, in its full configuration, can perform full automatic EMC tests. The software package includes Radiated immunity tests [R.I.], Conducted immunity tests [C.I.] as well as Radiated emission tests [R.E.] and Conducted emission tests [C.E.]. (See also “software overview”). | ||
Line 601: | Line 597: | ||
A more sophisticated use of TSF files can be found during sequence testing. In a sequence, different TSF files (even from different types of tests) can be placed after each other, and started without the intervention of a test engineer (See also “Sequence testing”) | A more sophisticated use of TSF files can be found during sequence testing. In a sequence, different TSF files (even from different types of tests) can be placed after each other, and started without the intervention of a test engineer (See also “Sequence testing”) | ||
== Viewing test data == | |||
RadiMation® stores all test results for the corresponding EUT in the EUT file. To view test data, open the corresponding EUT file through the File, Open, EUT pull down menu. | RadiMation® stores all test results for the corresponding EUT in the EUT file. To view test data, open the corresponding EUT file through the File, Open, EUT pull down menu. | ||
The EUT window will show a list of all performed tests for the selected EUT. To view the extended data from a single test, select the test from the list and press the “view” button. The following data will be displayed: | The EUT window will show a list of all performed tests for the selected EUT. To view the extended data from a single test, select the test from the list and press the “view” button. The following data will be displayed: | ||
* Time and date of the test. | |||
* Equipment used during the test (Including serial numbers). | |||
* Test engineer. | |||
* Test configuration data. | |||
* All graphs of AD channels used Field graphs (If used). | |||
* Current graph (If used). | |||
* Notes. | |||
* Signal generator level graph (Used for fault diagnoses only). | |||
* Forward power level graph (If applicable). | |||
* Reflected power level graph (If applicable). | |||
* Net power level graph (If applicable). | |||
* Ambient information: | |||
* Temperature graph (If used). | |||
* Pressure graph (If used). | |||
* Relative humidity graph (If used). | |||
* Calibration file used during the test (If applicable). | |||
In the view mode, the Note field can be edited, changed or deleted. | In the view mode, the Note field can be edited, changed or deleted. | ||
== Printing test data == | |||
Test data can be printed in three different ways: | Test data can be printed in three different ways: | ||
* When only a part of the test data needs to be printed, select the desired test, then select “view” and select the graph you want to print. The graph will be displayed on the screen. Above the graph you will find a “print” button. This print button will only print the current selected graph. | |||
* From the list of performed tests, a single test can be selected. When all data of this test must be printed, simply press the print button at the right side of the list. | |||
* When you want to print the data of more than one test, select the tests to print while holding down the shift button. All selected tests will be printed when the print button is pressed. | |||
{{Warning|All print jobs from RadiMation® will be printed on the default Windows printer. To use another printer, please change the default printer in your Windows environment.}} | |||
All print jobs from RadiMation® will be printed on the default Windows printer. | |||
To use another printer, please change the default printer in your Windows environment. | |||
== Exporting data using Microsoft Excel == | |||
The EUT data can be exported using Microsoft Excel. Press the Export button on the EUT window and a new screen will open like the own below. | The EUT data can be exported using Microsoft Excel. Press the Export button on the EUT window and a new screen will open like the own below. | ||
=== Selecting filename === | |||
To select the filename you want to use for saving the information press the select file button next to the red cross. A save window will appear allowing you to select the path and filename. After closing the save window the name will be displayed on the export window. | To select the filename you want to use for saving the information press the select file button next to the red cross. A save window will appear allowing you to select the path and filename. After closing the save window the name will be displayed on the export window. | ||
=== Selecting tests to be exported === | |||
You can select or deselect a test for export by checking or un-checking the checkbox in front of the name of the test. Pressing All on the right side of the screen will select all tests, pressing None will deselect all tests and pressing Invert will invert the selected. Invert means that all selected tests will be deselected and all deselect tests will be selected. | You can select or deselect a test for export by checking or un-checking the checkbox in front of the name of the test. Pressing All on the right side of the screen will select all tests, pressing None will deselect all tests and pressing Invert will invert the selected. Invert means that all selected tests will be deselected and all deselect tests will be selected. | ||
=== Changing the test order === | |||
The export module exports the test from the top down, you can change this order. Select the test you want to move, press the arrow up or down button and the test is moved one place up or one place down. | The export module exports the test from the top down, you can change this order. Select the test you want to move, press the arrow up or down button and the test is moved one place up or one place down. | ||
=== Export options === | |||
There are three options that can be selected when exporting the test information. | There are three options that can be selected when exporting the test information. | ||
These options are: | These options are: | ||
'''Insert header above data''' | |||
With insert header above data you can select, if you want, headers above every exported column, for example signal generator level, forward power and reflected power for immunity test. | With insert header above data you can select, if you want, headers above every exported column, for example signal generator level, forward power and reflected power for immunity test. | ||
'''Export EUT data''' | |||
Export EUT data allows you to select, if you want, the EUT data to be exported. Only the EUT information stored in the top test can be exported. | Export EUT data allows you to select, if you want, the EUT data to be exported. Only the EUT information stored in the top test can be exported. | ||
'''Include not measured columns''' | |||
Include not measured columns allows you to select, if you want, not measured columns to be exported. If you want to run a macro after exporting, it may be easier to export all the columns. You can then use the same macro for a signal level, forward power level and net power level test. It is not possible to have Radimation run the macro automatically after the export. Deselecting exporting not measured columns will result in faster exporting of the information. | Include not measured columns allows you to select, if you want, not measured columns to be exported. If you want to run a macro after exporting, it may be easier to export all the columns. You can then use the same macro for a signal level, forward power level and net power level test. It is not possible to have Radimation run the macro automatically after the export. Deselecting exporting not measured columns will result in faster exporting of the information. | ||
{{Warning|Microsoft Excel needs to be installed on the machine you use to export the EUT information and the version must be greater then or equal to version 97.}} | |||
Microsoft Excel needs to be installed on the machine you use to export the EUT information and the version must be greater then or equal to version 97. | |||
== Ambient information == | |||
During EMC tests, ambient temperature, air pressure and relative humidity can influence test accuracy. For this reason, most EMC standards at least define the temperature range in which EMC tests must be performed. | During EMC tests, ambient temperature, air pressure and relative humidity can influence test accuracy. For this reason, most EMC standards at least define the temperature range in which EMC tests must be performed. | ||
Each test configuration menu allows you to enter a value for the temperature, pressure and relative humidity at the start of the test. However, a more sophisticated method can be used as a well. If, under the configuration, test site pull down menu a weather station is selected under the test site used, the temperature, pressure and relative humidity will be measured for each | Each test configuration menu allows you to enter a value for the temperature, pressure and relative humidity at the start of the test. However, a more sophisticated method can be used as a well. If, under the configuration, test site pull down menu a weather station is selected under the test site used, the temperature, pressure and relative humidity will be measured for each | ||
test point. The collected data will be stored together with the other test data and can be displayed in the three graphs as a function of the test frequency (see also “viewing test data”). | test point. The collected data will be stored together with the other test data and can be displayed in the three graphs as a function of the test frequency (see also “viewing test data”). |
Revision as of 12:19, 31 July 2008
Getting started[edit]
Software overview[edit]
RadiMation® consists of 7 separate software modules to perform 5 different types of EMC tests, calibrations, automatic report generation and sequence testing.
The different modules are integrated in one single software package. The separate modules are:
- Radiated immunity testing (RI)
- Conducted immunity testing (CI)
- Pulsed immunity (ESD, EFT, Surge)
- Radiated emission testing (RE)
- Conducted emission testing (CE)
- Calibration
- Report generator
The combination of the different software modules in one software package has a number of advantages compared to other software packages:
- Easy to use software by implementation same "look & feel" over all modules.
- Seamless data exchange between the different software modules.
- Calibration functionality included in the package enables easy exchange of calibration files.
- Different types of tests can be performed, fully automatic after each other (Sequence testing).
- Fast automatic report generation, made possible by one data repository for all test data.
The figure below represents an overview of the RadiMation® software:
The RadiMation® Core consists of the following components:
- The Visual and Graph System
- The EUT data management System
- Sequence Testing
- Calibration
- Data Logging
- Database Functionality
- The Device Driver System
Depending on the requirement, one ore more modules can be added to the RadiMation® Core.
Version 5 of the RadiMation® package contains the following modules:
- Radiated immunity
- Conducted immunity
- Pulsed immunity
- Radiated emission
- Conducted emission
- Report generator
Hardware and software requirements[edit]
Software requirements[edit]
The RadiMation® software will operate (and is tested) with the Windows 2000 and Windows XP operating systems.
Hardware requirements[edit]
The RadiMation® software extensively makes use of data calculations and screen interactions (for the use of graphs). For this reason, processor speed is quite important. To use the software to its full extent, we require the following hardware configuration: Processor type : 2 GHz minimum, > 3 GHz recommended Free RAM memory : 256 Mb minimal, > 512 Mb recommended Free hard disk space : 1 Gb minimal Disk drives : CDROM drive Monitor : Super VGA (1024 x 768) IEEE card : Any GPIB Card that is supported by the National Instruments NI-488.2 Software Library
Conventions[edit]
In the HELP function of RadiMation®, parts of the text will be marked in RED. The items described in RED are not yet implemented in the RadiMation® software but will be integrated in the future.
RadiMation® makes use of the Windows structure of pull down menu’s. In this manual, the pull down menu’s are described in the following way:
>”File” >”Open”, to select the open a new file selection window.
Software installation[edit]
First time software installation[edit]
To install the RadiMation® software please insert the RadiMation® CD in the CD ROM drive of your computer. The setup program of RadiMation should now start automatically. If the program doesn't start automatically, run E:\setup.exe (where E:\ is the CD-ROM drive) from the CD. The Installation Wizard will guide you through the installation process. After installation, the computer must be restarted before running RadiMation®. Please see User rights and installation for rights needed for first time installation.
Software installation on a network[edit]
In a network environment multiple computers are connected with each other with a shared communication medium. This had advantages because data can be shared between the connected computers. The RadiMation® software is designed to optimally use this advantage. All data that will be used or generated by RadiMation® can be shared on the network.
To optimally use this sharing of data the configuration of RadiMation® should be slightly changed. Use the following steps to do this.
- Create a shared network directory on one of the Network Servers. Your Network Administrator can help you with this. This directory will be called NetworkDir from now on.
- Create a sub-directory called Setup in the NetworkDir
- Place the RadiMation® setup files from the RadiMation CD (SETUP.EXE and all SETUP.W?? files) in the Setup sub-directory.
- Install RadiMation® from the Setup directory on one of the connected PC's. This can be done by starting the SETUP.EXE program. Use the installation procedure as described in the previous section.
- In the NetworkDir, create the following sub-directories:
- EUT_File
- CAL_File
- COR_File
- CONFDVDR
- LLF_File
- RGT_File
- RGO_File
- Printout
- SEQ_File
- TSF_File
- Start the installed RadiMation® program, and open the Configuration window. On the "Directories" tab, change the location of the "Device Driver Configuration" directory to the CONFDVDR directory in the NetworkDir.
- Restart the RadiMation program
- Open the Configuration window again and on the "Directories" tab, change the location of all the directories to the corresponding directories in the NetworkDir.
- Restart the RadiMation program again.
- From now on the RadiMation® program will use the NetworkDir as its main data directory.
- Start the Configuration of the RadiMation® software as described in the remaining part of this chapter. The complete configuration will be written to the NetworkDir.
When the RadiMation® software should be installed on another PC in the Network, the following steps can be used.
- Install the RadiMation® software from the Setup sub-directory in the NetworkDir. Use the installation procedure as described in the previous section.
- Start the installed RadiMation® program, and open the Configuration window. On the "Directories" tab, change the location of the "Device Driver Configuration" directory to the CONFDVDR directory in the NetworkDir.
- Restart the RadiMation® program
The newly installed RadiMation® will now use the already configured NetworkDir.
Installing software updates[edit]
Software updates are distributed on a CD-ROM. To install the new RadiMation® version, please insert the CD-ROM in the CD-ROM drive of the computer. Run the installation program (i.e. E:\setup.exe, where E:\ is the CD-ROM drive). The setup program will detect that a version of RadiMation is already installed on your PC. The setup program will install the new RadiMation® version at the same location as the already installed version. A back up of the previously installed version of RadiMation® will be copied to the backup directory automatically. All the settings of the previous version will also be used for the new installed RadiMation® version. When problems do occur with the newly installed RadiMation® version, the old version of RadiMation® can be recovered.
Note: | Before installing the update it is advised that you backup your TSF/Sequence/Correction/Calibration and EUT files. |
Warning: | Do not uninstall RadiMation®!!! This will cause removal of all TSF, sequence, calibration and correction files. This is unrecoverable. |
If the already installed RadiMation® version was installed from a network directory, the new setup files can be copied from the CD-ROM to the Setup sub-directory of the NetworkDir. On each PC the new RadiMation® version can then be installed from the Setup sub-directory
User rights and installation[edit]
This chapter describes what rights a user must have in order to perform an installation or an upgrade of the RadiMation software.
Upgrade[edit]
For an upgrade the user must have the rights to read and write in the Radimation folder in the program files directory. And must have rights to add and check items to the HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT tree in the registry as well as the Dare Development folder in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE --> SOFTWARE tree please note that upgrading like described here can only be performed with RadiMation version greater then version 4.3.20. And upgrading from a version earlier or equal to version 4.3.20 can only be performed by an administrator.
New installation[edit]
A new installation can only be performed with administrator rights. When installed without administrator rights a successful installation is not guaranteed.
Software configuration[edit]
In the main menu, under the configuration pull down menu, a number of standard configurations can be made. The selected and / or entered configurations will be used as default.
The next paragraphs will explain all required configurations.
Password[edit]
To prevent unauthorised persons to change system configurations, a password protection can be used. The password is standard turned on with the default password “Radimation”. This password protection can be switched off, changed and configured under:
>”Configuration” >”Change Password”
Test engineers[edit]
For each test, the name of the test engineer performing the current test can be entered.
To add, modify or delete the names of test engineers, select the:
>”Configuration” >”Test engineers”, pull down menus.
In this window, test engineer information can be changed.
Default address information configuration[edit]
When a new EUT file is made the name and address information of the producer, test house and client can be entered separately. In many situations one or more of these will be the same for every EUT (i.e.: when a test house owns the software, the test house data will always be the same). In order to prevent retyping of often-used information RadiMation® allows entering the default address information for:
- The default client
- The default manufacturer
- The default test site
Data entered under “default address information”, will automatically be entered in the EUT window and must therefore only be entered once.
To add, modify or delete the default address information, select the:
”Configuration” ”Default address information”, pull down menu’s.
Default Units[edit]
RadiMation® allows the user to define the default units. These units are used throughout the package although they can be changed at any time during measurements and viewing.
The units for the following parameters can be defined:
- Power : dBuW, dBm, dBmW, dBW, uW, mW and W
- Field Strength : dBuV/m, dBmV/m, dBV/m, uV/m, mV/m and V/m
- Voltage : dBuVrms, dBmVrms, dBVrms, uVrms, mVrms and Vrms
- Current : dBuA, dBmA, dBA, uA, mA and A
- Emission : dBuV, dBmv, dBV, V, W, dBuV/m, dBmV/m and V/m
Default directories configuration[edit]
The RadiMation® software can use different directories to store different data file types. The location of the following file types can be specified:
- Equipment Under Test Data files (*.EUT files),
- Correction files (*.COR files)
- Calibration files (*.CAL files),
- Configuration files (*.TSF files),
- Sequence files (*.SEQ files),
- Limit line files (*.LLF files).
- Printout files (*.DOC files).
Under “RadiMation® file types and locations” the different file types are described. For each data type the default path name can be entered through the configuration, directories pull down menu.
The path name can be either a local directory or a directory on a network drive. The second makes it possible to store for example EUT data central on a computer network.
To modify the path name select the:
”Configuration” ”Configuration”, pull down menu’s
And select the “Directories” Tab.
A directory location can be changed by selecting the directory from the list and then pressing the "Change" button
Configuring the Report Generator[edit]
The report generator must be configured for the type of word processor you are using. To configure the report generator please select:
Configuration Configuration
Now select the “Report Generator” Tab and make all required selections. RadiMation® is able to check the file extension. This feature can be switched on or off by selecting the Check Extension Check box.
Device driver configuration[edit]
Device drivers are used to let your software know which equipment has to be used during EMC tests.
In RadiMation®, the device drivers must be configured to customer requirements once. During the configuration of the device driver, information as the IEEE address or com-port must be entered.
Configuration of device drivers can be carried out by selecting:
“Configuration” “Configuration” “Equipment type”
Virtual device drivers
For testing and demonstration purposes, virtual device drivers are added as well. These virtual device drivers act as a normal device but do not control real hardware.
Virtual device drivers do not have limitations like normal device drivers (freq. Band, max power, etc.)
Graphics configuration[edit]
RadiMation® allows you to customise the way graphics are displayed on your screen.
The following configurations can be made:
- Background color
- Grid color
- Text color
- Grid style (dash, dot, thick or thin line)
- Default linear or log scale (during each test the user is able to switch between linear or log scale).
To configure the graphical interface please select:
Configuration Configuration
Now select the “Graphics” Tab and make all required selections.
Database Configuration[edit]
Introduction[edit]
RadiMation® allows interfacing to different standard database structures. The use of this interface is to have easy access to the customer database already in use in your company. This will reduce the need for retyping customer information in RadiMation®. A number of drivers are available for the most commonly used databases. Please contact your local reseller for the availability of the device driver for the database you use in your company.
Changing the database driver[edit]
To configure RadiMation® to support your database, please select “Configuration” > “Configuration”.
Under the Database “Tab” the Database driver can be selected. When the correct database type is selected, please press the “ Configuration” button under the database type selection box.
When the database configuration button is pressed, the Database driver configuration window will appear. The picture below shows this configuration window.
Configuration of the database driver[edit]
Database
In this field, the location of the database must be entered.
Login
In the login window, a valid login name and password for the database must be entered in order to allow RadiMation® to login to your customer database.
Fields
The following selections must be made:
From table : The table to be used Company : Name of “company” field Contact : Name of “Contact” field Street : Name of “Street” field Zip : Name of “Zip code” field City : Name of “City” field State : Name of “State” field Country : Name of “Country” field Phone # : Name of “Phone number” field Fax # : Name of “Fax number” field Email address : Name of “E-mail address” field
After changing the database setting, RadiMation® must be restarted in order to make the changes effective.
Language Selection[edit]
RadiMation supports multi-language operation. This means that the software package can be operated in any language. Further more, the multi- language support allows easy translation from English to virtually every other language. Please contact your local reseller for the availability of the language driver you require.
The default language of RadiMation® is English. If you want to change the language it must be selected from the list of available languages. To configure the language, please select: Configuration Configuration
Now select the “Language” Tab and make all required selections. The selected language is only active after the RadiMation® package is restarted.
Note: | Please note that not all languages are available. Please contact your local reseller for language availability. |
Product Standard[edit]
Introduction[edit]
Product Standards describe which tests have to be performed on a specific type of product. There are many product standards, roughly one for each type of product. There (probably) is a product standard for:
- Washing machine
- Hair dryer
- Car radio
- Television
Very often the product standards refer to multiple basic standards.
A basic standard describes a type of test that should be performed. For each test there is a basic standard. Also for each basic standard, one single TSF could be generated which is configured to perform the test described in the basic standard.
A Product standard describes all the tests that should be performed on a EUT, a basic standard only describes one single test.
Adding a Product Standard[edit]
To add a Product Standard to RadiMation®, please select “Configuration” >“Configuration”.
After pressing add the engineer can insert all necessary information. Please note that the Official name can only be inserted the first time and has to be unique. All fields speak for themselves, except for the “File location”. In the file location field, one can associate a file to this standard. For example a PDF/doc or html file that describes the standard. Radimation will open the file, with the default reader for this file type when installed, when the engineer selects the magnifying glass.
Add(ing) Basic Standard(s)[edit]
Adding a basic standard to the product standard can be done simply by pressing the Add button below the frame. The following window will appear.
One can select multiple items by selecting the top item, then hold the “shift” key and selecting the lowest items. Holding the “Ctrl” key allows you to select or deselect one item. Double clicking on an item will display the item details in a new window.
Note: When on the EUT window, a product standard is selected, or added, the data of the standard is copied into the EUT Document. At that moment a copy of the data of the standard from the configuration is made. This means that if the configuration of a standard in the Configuration window of RadiMation is changed, the data in the EUT file will still have the old data of the standard!!! This behaviour is correct, because it is the information of the standard that is used at the time that the EUT was tested.
Basic Standard[edit]
The information of a basic standard is the same as a Product Standard. The difference is that when configuring a basic standard, an engineer is not allowed to refer to another basic standard.
Please note that removing a basic standard and opening a product standard that refers to this basic standard, will cause the basic standard to be removed from the list of referred basic standards.
After pressing add the engineer can insert all necessary information. Please note that the Official name can only be inserted the first time and has to be unique. All fields speak for themselves, except for the “File location”. In the file location field, you can associate a file to this standard. For example a PDF/doc or html file that describes the standard. Radimation will open the file, with the default reader for this file type when installed, when the engineer selects the magnifying glass.
Test equipment list configuration[edit]
The test equipment configuration contains a list of all test equipment, used during a test. From this list, the software knows which device drivers to use to control the test equipment. RadiMation® allows you to configure different test equipment lists for each type of test or even different sets of test equipment for the same kind of tests. (This will be useful if you have, for example, more than one signal generator to perform conducted immunity tests). In the test configuration window, one can select which set of test equipment will be used. During the generation of a calibration file, the software records the test equipment configuration together with the calibration data. When a substitution test is started, the software checks the currently selected equipment (from the selected test equipment list) with the test equipment used during calibration. If the equipment does not match an error message will be displayed.
The error message window will ask you to abort the test or to ignore the error message and continue the test with different test equipment. Of course, to achieve maximum accuracy, one should use the same test equipment during the calibration and during the substitution tests. However, in some circumstances, changing test equipment between calibration and test will not have any influence on test results. This is for example true when a RI substitution list is made using FWD power calibration file. Changing the amplifier won’t change test results as long as the new amplifier covers the required frequency range and can deliver the required output power.
To add, modify or delete test equipment lists, select the:
”Configuration” ”Test equipment”, pull down menu’s.
Password protection[edit]
RadiMation® allows you to protect a number of configurations through a password protection.
To activate, modify or de-activate passwords, select the:
”Configuration” ” Passwords”, pull down menu.
In the password window, the password can be enabled, disabled and changed (to disable or change the password, the current password is required). Furthermore, in the password window, for the following items, the protection can be enabled or disabled:
Test equipment list, prevents unauthorised changes to test equipment configuration Test engineers, prevents unauthorised changes to test engineers configuration Technical Setup Files (TSF files), prevents unauthorised changes tot TSF files.
User configurable device drivers[edit]
RadiMation® allows the user to create its own device drivers for test equipment, which is (not yet) implemented in the standard device driver list.
User configurable device drivers are available for nearly all types of test equipment. However, device drivers for spectrum analysers and measurement receivers can not be made with user configurable device drivers because the complexity (and differences between suppliers) of these devices is too high.
To make your own device driver, use the “Device drivers” tab in the “Configuration” > “Configuration” menu and follow the steps below:
- In the device driver’s menu, select the required device driver type.
- Press the “New” button.
- Select the driver called “Configurable xx” (i.e. if you want to make a signal generator device driver you would select the “Configurable signal generator” device driver).
- Enter a description for the device driver (for example the type number of the generator) and press OK.
- The name of the device driver will be added in the available device driver’s list.
- Select the new device driver from the available device device’s list.
- Press the “Edit” button.
- A configuration screen for the device driver will appear. All required control commands for the device must be entered. Refer to the operating manual of the equipment for these codes.
After all codes are entered, the device driver is ready for use.
The custom-made device driver can be used as any other device driver by selecting the driver in the Equipment list.
Remark:
Passive equipment such as antenna’s, current probes, cables etc. do also need a device driver. The reason for this is that RadiMation® has to know a number of parameters of these devices. Among others the following information is relevant:
- Frequency range
- Maximum input power
- The report generator needs to know which equipment is used during a test
- Correction files for these devices
EUT files[edit]
During the development of RadiMation® it became clear to us that not the EMC tests itself, but the Equipment Under Test (EUT) plays a central role for EMC automation software.
Because of this, in contradiction to most other software packages, in the RadiMation® software the EUT must be defined prior to any test. Defining an EUT consists of “Creating a new EUT file”, specifying EUT information, client information and producer information.
After an EUT has been defined, a test window can be opened and a test can be started. Because of this approach, different types of tests can be performed from the same EUT window which all test data for the EUT will be started in the same EUT file.
All collected test data will be stored under the same EUT file name (see also “Viewing test data”). When, at a later time, tests on the same EUT are to be performed, the old EUT file can be opened, and the new test results can be stored under the same EUT window.
Creating a new EUT file[edit]
When a new device must be tested, first a new EUT file must be created. This can be done from the main window, through the:
”File” ”New” ”EUT file”, pull down menu’s.
When you open a New EUT file, the software will ask you to specify the file name for this new EUT file.
All test data for this EUT will be stored under this EUT file name.
Opening an existing EUT file[edit]
When one wants to perform tests on an EUT which has been tested in the past, the existing EUT file can be opened through the:
”File” ”Open” ”EUT”, pull down menu’s.
The new test data will be appended to the old test data in the same EUT file.
Through this method, different types of tests (R.I., C.I., R.E., C.E. and pulsed immunity tests) can be performed, using different sets of test equipment, while the test results will be stored in the same EUT file.
When a network is used to store data, tests can be performed at different locations as well.
After performing several test you wil have window like the one showed below
The first column displays the testnumber. The second column displays the description of the test. The third column shows the notes you inserted. The note window can hold up to 250 characters, and the three columns can be sorted one at a time. This can be done by pressing the desired column header. If you wish to sort on testnumbers, press the first column header. If you wish to sort by note press the third column header. Pressing a column header twice will alter the sorting order. For example the first time you press the third column header the notes will be sorted ascending, the second time you press the header the notes will be sorted descending. This pertains to all the columns.
Cable information of the EUT[edit]
RadiMation is capable of storing a lot of information about the EUT. One of these items is the cables connected to the EUT. You can specify them by selecting the last tab in the EUT window. On the bottom of the window you will find a control looking like the one below.
You can specify every cable of the EUT, pressing Add or Edit will popup the following window
In this window the information of the cable will be displayed. You can edit every item, the first item also has some default items that can be selected. Pressing Ok will confirm the changes. Pressing Cancel will discard the changes made.
Limit line files[edit]
Limit line files are used during Radiated and Conducted emission tests. The operator can define limit line files in accordance to the applicable standard and select them when starting an emission test.
Creating limit lines[edit]
To create a limit line file, select “File” “New” “Limit line”. The window below will be displayed. The user can enter a file description to the limit line in the description field.
Entering data points[edit]
To enter data point, press the “insert" button. A new line will appear and you can enter frequency and level. When entering data points, the limit line will be drawn directly in the graph. Thus making it easier to check if the limit line is entered correctly.
When a data point in incorrect, it can be removes by selecting the data point and pressing the “Remove” button.
Lin. Log. scale
The limit line can be drawn on a linear or logarithmic frequency scale by pressing the lin. Or log. icon.
Line colour
Clicking on the coloured box behind the “Color” selection box will change the line color. The selected line colour will be used during emission tests.
Line interpolation
The operator can select either linear or logarithmic frequency interpolation. This choice is dependent on the applicable standard.
Detectors
During emission tests, RadiMation will check if the measured emissions are below the limit line(s). To perform this check in the correct way, the software must know for which detector(s) the limit line is valid. In the “Detectors” menu the operator can select for which detector(s) the limit line is valid.
Saving limit line files[edit]
To save the new limit line file please select: File Save limit line.
RadiMation will prompt you for a filename for the new limit line file. This can be the same or a different filename as the limit line “Description” field.
Correction files[edit]
Correction files can be used to correct the frequency response of cables, generators, clamps, antenna’s, couplers etc. When the frequency response of a device is known, the operator can create a new correction file and assign it to the device. 2.10.1 Creating correction files To create a correction file, select “File” “New” “Correction file”. The window below will be displayed.
The first step is to define the columns in the table by pushing the Columns/Units button. A selection box appears and columns can be added or removed. Based on the use of the correction file the proper columns should be selected. For example an amplifier correction file will have two columns one frequency column and one power column. In the case of a radiated emission test three columns are required specifying frequency, correction, angle and height.
Entering data points
To enter data points, press the “Add row" button. A new line will appear and you can enter frequency and level.
When a data point is incorrect, it can be removed by selecting the data point and pressing the “Remove row” button.
Line interpolation
The operator can select either linear or logarithmic frequency interpolation. This choice is dependent on the applicable standard.
Saving correction files[edit]
To save the new correction file please select: “File” “Save correction file”.
RadiMation® will prompt you to enter a filename for the correction file.
Using Test Setup Files (T.S.F.)[edit]
RadiMation® is a modular integrated test software package, which, in its full configuration, can perform full automatic EMC tests. The software package includes Radiated immunity tests [R.I.], Conducted immunity tests [C.I.] as well as Radiated emission tests [R.E.] and Conducted emission tests [C.E.]. (See also “software overview”).
For each kind of test, the test configuration data (start/stop frequency, test level, dwell time etc.) can be saved in a Test Configuration File (*.TSF). Separate from the test configuration data, the TSF file also stores the calibration file and test site information. The description of the TSF file can be 40 characters max. When the same kind of test must be performed, one can simply load the TSF file and start the test.
In order to organise the different TSF files RadiMation® enables the user to create a directory tree thus enabling the user to store the TSF files in a structured manner.
A more sophisticated use of TSF files can be found during sequence testing. In a sequence, different TSF files (even from different types of tests) can be placed after each other, and started without the intervention of a test engineer (See also “Sequence testing”)
Viewing test data[edit]
RadiMation® stores all test results for the corresponding EUT in the EUT file. To view test data, open the corresponding EUT file through the File, Open, EUT pull down menu.
The EUT window will show a list of all performed tests for the selected EUT. To view the extended data from a single test, select the test from the list and press the “view” button. The following data will be displayed:
- Time and date of the test.
- Equipment used during the test (Including serial numbers).
- Test engineer.
- Test configuration data.
- All graphs of AD channels used Field graphs (If used).
- Current graph (If used).
- Notes.
- Signal generator level graph (Used for fault diagnoses only).
- Forward power level graph (If applicable).
- Reflected power level graph (If applicable).
- Net power level graph (If applicable).
- Ambient information:
- Temperature graph (If used).
- Pressure graph (If used).
- Relative humidity graph (If used).
- Calibration file used during the test (If applicable).
In the view mode, the Note field can be edited, changed or deleted.
Printing test data[edit]
Test data can be printed in three different ways:
- When only a part of the test data needs to be printed, select the desired test, then select “view” and select the graph you want to print. The graph will be displayed on the screen. Above the graph you will find a “print” button. This print button will only print the current selected graph.
- From the list of performed tests, a single test can be selected. When all data of this test must be printed, simply press the print button at the right side of the list.
- When you want to print the data of more than one test, select the tests to print while holding down the shift button. All selected tests will be printed when the print button is pressed.
Warning: | All print jobs from RadiMation® will be printed on the default Windows printer. To use another printer, please change the default printer in your Windows environment. |
Exporting data using Microsoft Excel[edit]
The EUT data can be exported using Microsoft Excel. Press the Export button on the EUT window and a new screen will open like the own below.
Selecting filename[edit]
To select the filename you want to use for saving the information press the select file button next to the red cross. A save window will appear allowing you to select the path and filename. After closing the save window the name will be displayed on the export window.
Selecting tests to be exported[edit]
You can select or deselect a test for export by checking or un-checking the checkbox in front of the name of the test. Pressing All on the right side of the screen will select all tests, pressing None will deselect all tests and pressing Invert will invert the selected. Invert means that all selected tests will be deselected and all deselect tests will be selected.
Changing the test order[edit]
The export module exports the test from the top down, you can change this order. Select the test you want to move, press the arrow up or down button and the test is moved one place up or one place down.
Export options[edit]
There are three options that can be selected when exporting the test information. These options are:
Insert header above data With insert header above data you can select, if you want, headers above every exported column, for example signal generator level, forward power and reflected power for immunity test.
Export EUT data Export EUT data allows you to select, if you want, the EUT data to be exported. Only the EUT information stored in the top test can be exported.
Include not measured columns Include not measured columns allows you to select, if you want, not measured columns to be exported. If you want to run a macro after exporting, it may be easier to export all the columns. You can then use the same macro for a signal level, forward power level and net power level test. It is not possible to have Radimation run the macro automatically after the export. Deselecting exporting not measured columns will result in faster exporting of the information.
Warning: | Microsoft Excel needs to be installed on the machine you use to export the EUT information and the version must be greater then or equal to version 97. |
Ambient information[edit]
During EMC tests, ambient temperature, air pressure and relative humidity can influence test accuracy. For this reason, most EMC standards at least define the temperature range in which EMC tests must be performed.
Each test configuration menu allows you to enter a value for the temperature, pressure and relative humidity at the start of the test. However, a more sophisticated method can be used as a well. If, under the configuration, test site pull down menu a weather station is selected under the test site used, the temperature, pressure and relative humidity will be measured for each test point. The collected data will be stored together with the other test data and can be displayed in the three graphs as a function of the test frequency (see also “viewing test data”).